WELCOME TO JUPITER - JUNO : LIVE UPDATE

• NASA's Juno Spacecraft in Orbit Around Mighty Jupiter :

     First of all congratulation to NASA. After an almost five-year journey to the solar system’s largest planet, NASA's Juno spacecraft successfully entered Jupiter’s orbit during a 35-minute engine burn. Confirmation that the burn had completed was received on Earth at 8:53 p.m. PDT (11:53 p.m. EDT) Monday, July 4. 

     “Independence Day always is something to celebrate, but today we can add to America’s birthday another reason to cheer -- Juno is at Jupiter,” said NASA administrator Charlie Bolden. “And what is more American than a NASA mission going boldly where no spacecraft has gone before? With Juno, we will investigate the unknowns of Jupiter’s massive radiation belts to delve deep into not only the planet’s interior, but into how Jupiter was born and how our entire solar system evolved.” 

      Confirmation of a successful orbit insertion was received from Juno tracking data monitored at the navigation facility at NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) in Pasadena, California, as well as at the Lockheed Martin Juno operations center in Littleton, Colorado. The telemetry and tracking data were received by NASA's Deep Space Network antennas in Goldstone, California, and Canberra, Australia. 

     “This is the one time I don’t mind being stuck in a windowless room on the night of the 4th of July,” said Scott Bolton, principal investigator of Juno from Southwest Research Institute in San Antonio. “The mission team did great. The spacecraft did great. We are looking great. It’s a great day.” 

     Preplanned events leading up to the orbital insertion engine burn included changing the spacecraft’s attitude to point the main engine in the desired direction and then increasing the spacecraft’s rotation rate from 2 to 5 revolutions per minute (RPM) to help stabilize it.. 

The burn of Juno’s 645-Newton Leros-1b main engine began on time at 8:18 p.m. PDT (11:18 p.m. EDT), decreasing the spacecraft’s velocity by 1,212 miles per hour (542 meters per second) and allowing Juno to be captured in orbit around Jupiter. Soon after the burn was completed, Juno turned so that the sun’s rays could once again reach the 18,698 individual solar cells that give Juno its energy. 

     “The spacecraft worked perfectly, which is always nice when you’re driving a vehicle with 1.7 billion miles on the odometer,” said Rick Nybakken, Juno project manager from JPL.            “Jupiter orbit insertion was a big step and the most challenging remaining in our mission plan, but there are others that have to occur before we can give the science team the mission they are looking for.” 

      Over the next few months, Juno’s mission and science teams will perform final testing on the spacecraft’s subsystems, final calibration of science instruments and some science collection. 

     “Our official science collection phase begins in October, but we’ve figured out a way to collect data a lot earlier than that,” said Bolton. “Which when you’re talking about the single biggest planetary body in the solar system is a really good thing. There is a lot to see and do here.” 

     Juno's principal goal is to understand the origin and evolution of Jupiter. With its suite of nine science instruments, Juno will investigate the existence of a solid planetary core, map Jupiter's intense magnetic field, measure the amount of water and ammonia in the deep atmosphere, and observe the planet's auroras. The mission also will let us take a giant step forward in our understanding of how giant planets form and the role these titans played in putting together the rest of the solar system. As our primary example of a giant planet, Jupiter also can provide critical knowledge for understanding the planetary systems being discovered around other stars. 

     The Juno spacecraft launched on Aug. 5, 2011 from Cape Canaveral Air Force Station in Florida. JPL manages the Juno mission for NASA. Juno is part of NASA's New Frontiers Program, managed at NASA's Marshall Space Flight Center in Huntsville, Alabama, for the agency’s Science Mission Directorate. Lockheed Martin Space Systems in Denver built the spacecraft. The California Institute of Technology in Pasadena manages JPL for NASA. 

1. More information on the Juno mission is available at: http://www.nasa.gov/juno
2. Watch video at: https://youtu.be/0Uayu5LvdTk

• The US space agency has successfully put a new probe in orbit around Jupiter :

     The Juno satellite, which left Earth five years ago, had to fire a rocket engine to slow its approach to the planet and get caught by its gravity. A sequence of tones transmitted from the spacecraft confirmed the braking manoeuvre had gone as planned. Receipt of the radio messages prompted wild cheering at Nasa's Jet Propulsion Laboratory in Pasadena, California. 

     "All stations on Juno co-ord, we have the tone for burn cut-off on Delta B," Juno Mission Control had announced. "Roger Juno, welcome to Jupiter." 

     Scientists plan to use the spacecraft to sense the planet's deep interior. They think the structure and the chemistry of its insides hold clues to how this giant world formed some four-and-a-half-billion years ago.Engineers had warned in advance that the engine firing was fraught with danger. No previous spacecraft has dared pass so close to Jupiter; its intense radiation belts can destroy unprotected electronics. 

     One calculation even suggested the orbit insertion would have subjected Juno to a dose equivalent to a million dental X-rays. But the probe is built like a tank with titanium shielding, and the 35-minute rocket burn appeared to go off without a hitch. 

"Nasa did it again," said an elated Scott Bolton, Juno's principal investigator. "That says it all to me. And I'm so happy to be part of the team that did that. I mean this team has worked so hard and we have such great people. And it's almost like a dream coming true right here." 

• FOR MORE INFO VISIT OFFICIAL WEBSITE OF #JUNO ....!!

https://www.missionjuno.swri.edu/

-: © TASA - 2016 :-

TOP 10 SCIENCE UPDATE OF PREVIOUS MONTH BY TASA

1.  DARPA's O2 Improved Space Surveillance Network Almost Complete :

Stephen Hawking joins futuristic bid to explore outer space (Update)

Yuri Milner said the eventual goal is sending hundreds or thousands of tiny spacecraft, each weighing far less than an ounce, to the Alpha Centauri star system. That's more than 2,000 times as far as any spacecraft has gone so far.Propelled by energy from a powerful array of Earth-based lasers, the spacecraft would fly at about one-fifth the speed of light. They could reach Alpha Centauri in 20 years, where they could make observations and send the results back to Earth. They might discover a planet or planets there—experts think there may be some, but there's no proven sighting yet—and possibly even find signs of life there or elsewhere, said Milner and a panel of experts at the announcement. The three stars that make up Alpha Centauri are the closest stars to our star—the sun.



"We commit to the next great leap into the cosmos," Hawking said, "because we are human and our nature is to fly."



Hawking has joined Milner and Facebook founder Mark Zuckerberg on the board of the project, called Breakthrough Starshot, which includes a team of scientists. Milner said his $100 million will go to establish the feasibility of the project, and that a launch itself would require far more money. Hawking is also part of a project Milner announced last summer to use earthbound telescopes to seek intelligent life in outer space. For the Starshot project, the tiny spacecraft would be boosted into space by a conventional rocket, and then set free individually. They would capture the energy from the earthbound laser array with sails a few yards wide. Milner said recent advances in electronic miniaturization, laser technology and fabrication of extremely thin and light materials have made such a mission realistic to consider.


"We can do more than gaze at the stars," Milner said. "We can actually reach them."



Avi Loeb, chair of Harvard's astronomy department and member of the Starshot project's management and advisory committee, told reporters that scientists have scrutinized the technical obstacles and "we don't see any showstoppers.... We think we can overcome all these challenges." Hawking, of Cambridge University, said the plan fits in with what he said makes humans unique, which is transcending limits.




"With light beams, light sails and the lightest spacecraft ever built, we can launch a mission to Alpha Centauri within a generation," Hawking said.
The project was announced on the 55th anniversary of the flight of Russian Yuri Gagarin, the first human in space. Milner was named after him. Lisa Kaltenegger, an astronomy professor at Cornell University, who is not involved in the project, said in an email, "I think it is inspiring on this date to plan our next journey to the stars."


©TASA-2016

Have Gravitational Waves Been Detected?

LIVE UPDATE @ Laser Interferometer Gravitational Wave Observatory (LIGO) :

Scientists are widely expected to announce the first-ever direct detection of elusive gravitational waves this morning, and you can watch the big moment live.

Researchers affiliated with the Laser Interferometer Gravitational Wave Observatory (LIGO) are holding a news conference today (Feb. 11) at 10:30 a.m. EST (1530 GMT) at the National Press Club in Washington, D.C., and you can watch it live here on Space.com, courtesy of the LIGO consortium. 

Then, at 1 p.m. EST (1800 GMT), the Perimeter Institute for Theoretical Physics in Ontario, Canada, will host its own webcast about the announcement and its implications. Space.com will carry that event live as well, thanks to the Perimeter Institute. [The Search for Gravitational Waves (Gallery)]

Gravitational waves are ripples in the fabric of space-time generated by the acceleration of massive objects. Their existence was first proposed by Albert Einstein in 1916, as part of his famous theory of general relativity. Scientists have found indirect evidence that gravitational waves exist, but a direct detection has proved elusive — until now, apparently. 

Rumors have been swirling for the past several months that the LIGO consortium has spotted gravitational waves — specifically, those generated by the merger of two medium-size black holes. So Thursday’s event is believed to be a discovery announcement, though the LIGO team has remained tight-lipped, referring to the news conference as a "status report on the effort to detect gravitational waves."

Gravitational waves move at the speed of light and do not interact meaningfully with matter. A direct detection would be a huge milestone, allowing researchers to test how general relativity operates under extreme conditions and potentially opening up a new window into the universe, LIGO team members have said.

"Gravitational waves probably won’t be useful in helping us understand processes on the Earth, but they will help us understand processes that occur in outer space, such as the collisions of pairs of black holes," the LIGO team wrote in an online FAQ about the project.

After 100 years of searching, physicists might finally be about to confirm the existence of Einstein's gravitational waves - proving that the path of science rarely runs smoothly... or quickly. 

Physicists at LIGO - one of the observatories that's been manically searching for gravitational waves - have nowcalled a press conference for 10.30am EST on Thursday 11 February (2.30am AEST on Friday 12 February). And if the very well-educated rumours are to be believed, they're going to reveal the first "unambigious" evidence that gravitational waves exist, which is a HUGE deal. You can watch live below, and we'll be live-blogging the entire thing.

Gravitational waves are so exciting because they're the last major prediction of Einstein's general theory of relativity to be confirmed, and discovering them will help us understand how the Universe is shaped by mass.

According to Einstein's theory, the fabric of space-time can become curved by anything massive in the Universe. When cataclysmic events happen, such as black holes merging or stars exploding, these curves can ripple out elsewhere as gravitational waves, just like if someone had dropped a stone in a pond.

Imagine the Universe as a massive pond - by the time those ripples get to us on Earth, they're tiny (around a billionth of the diameter of an atom), which explains why they've been so hard to find.

But rumours are flying in the physics world that LIGO has finally been able to detect them, using a series of lasers bouncing back and forth in two 4-km-long pipes to measure incredibly small changes, and we're so freaking excited to find out more.

The official press conference webcast is for registered media only, but apparently you can watch live on the YouTube stream below, and we'll be updating as the event rolls on... here we go!

Live updates below (keep hitting refresh!):

10am ET: Okay, the countdown is officially on! There's half an hour before the press conference kicks off, and 15 minutes until we have access to it. It's 2am here in Sydney, so apologies in advance for any typos during this live stream - never let a bad time zone get in the way of physics!

10.04am ET: While we're waiting,find out more about what the rumours are saying is going to be announced today - which is the first clear, unambigious evidence that gravitational waves exist (something Einstein predicted 100 years ago). You can also watchthis interview with physicist Lawrence Krauss, who first kicked off the rumours.

10.09am ET: The countdown is showing 6 minutes until we go live. We're excited!

10.14am ET: Here we go, guys. Physics as we know it could be about to change forever...

10.15am ET: "Live stream is starting soon." 

"The knowledge that astronomers gain from measuring gravitational waves could also improve our understanding of space, time, matter, energy and the interactions between all of these things," they added. "In so doing, this field of study could revolutionize humanity’s knowledge and understanding of the nature of existence itself."

LIGO consists of two huge detectors — one in Livingston, Louisiana, and the other in Hanford, Washington. Each detector is an L-shaped system with arms 2.5 miles (4 kilometers) long. A laser beam is directed down these arms; if a gravitational wave passes through the detector, the resulting distortion of space-time will cause the distance traveled by the beam to change by a minuscule amount.

Theoretically, this change would be picked up by the detector. LIGO has two such detectors spaced hundreds of miles apart to help rule out false positives caused by local environmental conditions. (If the same signal is picked up in both Louisiana and Washington, chances are, it’s a real detection.)

LIGO is operated by MIT and the California Institute of Technology, and is funded by the U.S. National Science Foundation.

© TASA-2016

Diborane – B2H6

      If we consider the molecule B2H6 (diborane Figure 1), there are 12 valence electrons at our disposal for chemical bonding (B has 3, and H has 1, so 2xB + 6xH =12). Each terminal B–H bond is a standard vanilla two electron bond, and there are four of these, thus accounting for a total of eight electrons. This leaves a total of four electrons to share between the two bridging H atoms and the two B atoms. Consequently, two B–H–B bridging bonds are formed, each of which consists of two electrons (Figure 2), forming what are called threecenter- two-electron bonds (i.e., 3 atoms share 2 electrons) – sometimes called ‘banana’ bonds, as they are not linear but curved.

Figure 1. The structure of diborane 

Each B atom is, approximately, sp3 hybridized (hybridization is just a mathematical tool, so you can just as easily have s1.05p2.95 hybridized orbitals!), and if we consider just one of the B atoms, two of the four sp3 hybrid orbitals form s bonds to the terminal H atoms (1s orbitals). Tha leaves two B sp3 hybrid orbitals, one of which contains an electron, one of which is empty. For each bridge therefore, one sp3 orbital from each of the B atoms combines (Figure 3) with the 1s orbital of the bridging H atom to form three new molecular orbitals (MOs) – as always, n atomic orbitals (AO) form n MOs. One B atom gives its remaining valence electron to one bridge, and the other B atom gives to the other. Each bridge, therefore, has two electrons, which fill our new MO scheme starting with the lowest energy bonding MO.

Figure 2. The terminal B–H bondsand the bridging B–H–B bonds each contain two electrons

Figure 3. The MO scheme for one of the B–H B bridging three center two electron bonds. *This picture is still a simplification of the actual MO scheme. The non-bonding orbital is actually of slightly lower energy than shown and so has slight bonding character. This arises from the fact that the orbitals involved in the terminal B–H bonding have the correct symmetry to overlap with the bridging bond orbitals, resulting in a stabilization of the ‘nonbonding’ orbital.

Figure 4. One final way of visualizing the bonding in diborane can be done by considering a dianion such as B2H42–, which has the same three-dimensional structure as ethene. There is p-electron density above and below the plane in which all six atoms lie (just like ethene) and so if we imagine embedding a proton in each face of this flat molecule, we balance the charge and arrive at the correct geometric structure.

TASA-2016

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IT IS POSSIBLE TO USE YOUR BRAIN CAPACITY 100 % BY CPH4 ???

Average people include me use only 10% of brain capacity by working,learning,moving,socializing,etc.....

What happen if someone reach 100% brain capacity ?

These higher percentages correlate with her brain capacity usage
1) control of the cell;
2) control of others;
3) control of matter;
4) control of time.

A blue crystalline synthetic drug called CPH4 (finction name) that make someone reach 100% brain capacity.
CPH4 is a molecule that the pregnant woman is making it after six weeks of pregnancy. in very - very tiny quantities. And it's true that the power of this product for a baby is the power of an atomic bomb.

Does the C.P.H.4 molecule really exist as shown in the movie Lucy? If so, how does it work?

There is a metabolic enzyme called 6-carboxytetrahydropterin synthase or CPH4 synthase that acts as a catalyst in the following reaction: 

7,8-dihydroneopterin 3'-triphosphate + H2O <----------------> 6-carboxy-5,6,7,8-tetrahydropterin + acetaldehyde + triphosphate

Where can I find CPH4 ?
So the 10% rule is a complete and total myth. But can a drug like CPH4 improve your brain’s performance? Well first of all, the drug CPH4 doesn’t exist. The blue candy looking drug that is shown in the movie Lucy is completely fake, looking more like a prop from Breaking Bad than something produced in your body. The movie gives the explanation that it’s based on a molecule that helps infants and fetuses ignore the pain caused by growing bones. This does exist, but it has absolutely no connection to CPH4.
There is in fact a molecule known as CPH4 in medical science. Its full name is 6-carboxytetrahydropterin synthase. This is an enzyme found in the cells of millions of organisms, but primarily in bacteria. Enzymes in cells are used to produce other types of molecules that are necessary for the cell to function. The CPH4 enzyme produces Queuosine. Queuosine is a molecule that essentially helps hold the tRNA of bacteria cells together. It’s nothing more than glue for other molecules to stick to each other. It literally has no impact on intelligence or brain capacity (bacteria don’t have brains after all).
As a result of this movie people have taken to selling CPH4 online in an attempt to take advantage of uninformed customers. Do NOT under any circumstances consume anything labeled CPH4. The best case scenario is that you would be taking the literal CPH4 syntheses described above, in which case absolutely nothing positive would happen to your body. The worst case scenario however could be accidentally ingesting something harmful. You don’t know what is being put into these mysterious packages.
Your brain’s capacity is theoretically unknown, and so you can’t simply take a magic drug or pill and expect to become more intelligent or gain instant knowledge about a subject like Scarlett’s character in Lucy. However some true nootropics exist. Real life nootropic drugs allow your brain to use its existing capacity more fully by improving connections within the brain and heightening the speed with which it transfers information. Modafinil is a proven commodity. It improves concentration, increases awareness, and improves short term memory recall. These things will allow you to perform better. There isn’t a drug out there that is going to make you “smarter” in the classic sense of the word, but you CAN increase your day-to-day efficiency with proven products such as Modafinil.
So don’t waste your money or risk your health with a potentially dangerous product being sold as part of a get-rich-quick scheme where you are the victim. Instead, use 100% of your brain and make a smart decision. Buy something that thousands of other people have tried and loved. There is a reason why people continue to buy Modafinil again and again: Because it works. As CPH4 is not yet avaliable, when it available think about what you can do it ?? It's anything, you are anywhere.

© TASA - 2016.

Big Bang, Deflated? Universe May Have Had No Beginning At All

A new theory claims that the universe may not have started with a bang. According to this new study, the universe was not ever a singularity or an infinitely minor and infinitely dense point of matter at all. In actual fact, the universe may have no start at all. Study co-author Saurya Das, a theoretical physicist at the University of Lethbridge, Canada, said "Our theory suggests that the age of the universe could be infinite," This new notion could also clarify what dark matter is actually made of, Das added. According to the Big Bang theory, the universe was born nearly 13.8 billion years ago. All the matter that occurs today was once squeezed into an infinitely dense, infinitely small, ultra-hot dot called a singularity. This little fireball then blasted and growth to the early universe started. This singularity comes from the math of Einstein's theory of general relativity, which defines how mass warps space-time, and from an additional equation (called Raychaudhuri's equation) that foretells whether the route of something will merge or diverge with time. Going backward in time, as claimed by these equations, all matter in the cosmos was once in a tiny single point — which is also known as the Big Bang singularity.

But that's not quite accurate. In Einstein's formulation, the laws of physics essentially break before the singularity is touched. But researchers generalize backward as if the physics equations still hold, states Robert Brandenberger, a theoretical cosmologist at McGill University, who was not the part of this study.

Brandenberger also told Live Science "So when we say that the universe begins with a big bang, we really have no right to say that," There are other difficulties developing in physics — specifically, that the two most leading theories, quantum mechanics and general relativity, can't be merged to come up with single concept. Quantum mechanics states that the actions of tiny subatomic particles are basically uncertain. This against the Einstein's general relativity, which is deterministic, implying that once all the regular laws are identified, the future is entirely preset by the past, Das said. And neither theory clarifies what dark matter, an unseen form of matter that applies a gravitational pull on regular matter but cannot be identified by most telescopes, is actually made of.

Quantum modification

Das and his coworkers wanted a way to solve at least some of these problems. To do so, they considered an older method of picturing quantum mechanics, called Bohmian mechanics. In Bohmian mechanics, an unseen variable rules the strange actions of subatomic particles. Unlike other formulations of quantum mechanics, it offers a way to compute the path of a particle. By utilizing this old-fashioned method of quantum theory, the scientists calculated a small rectification term that may well be comprised in Einstein's theory of general relativity. Then, they figured out what would occur in deep time. So what’s the outcome? In this new formulation, there is no singularity at all, and the universe as we know it is infinitely old.

How to test this theory?

Das said that one way of understanding the quantum correction term in their equation is that it is connected to the density of dark matter, if so, the cosmos could be packed with a superfluid made of theoretical particles, for instance the gravity-carrying particles known as gravitons, or ultra-cold, ghostly particles known as axions. Das also said that One method to test the theory is to look at how dark matter is dispersed in the cosmos and comprehend if it matches the properties of the suggested superfluid

Nevertheless, the new equations are just one way to settle quantum mechanics and general relativity. For example, a portion of string theory acknowledged as string gas cosmology forecasts that the universe once had a long-lasting static period, while other theories forecast there was once a cosmic "recoil," where the universe first contracted till it touched a very small size, then initiated expanding, Brandenberg said.

©TASA-2016